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Global Research journal of Natural Science

& Technology (GRJNST)

Volume: 04 - Issue 4 (2026), 2113

ISSN P: 2790-7643 ISSN E: 2790-7651

www.grjnst.net

https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.04.04

Identification and Documentation of Medicinal Flora of Pabbi Hills

Adjacent to River Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan

Received: 10 April 2026. Accepted: 08 May 2026. Published: 11 June 2026.

Sobia Yousaf

sobiamalik7201@gmail.com

Department of Botany, Superior University Lahore

Asma Ibrahim

asma.ibrahim.sgd@superior.edu.pk

Department of Botany, Superior University Lahore

Farooq Ahmad*

fagondal82@gmail.com

Sustainable Development Study Centre, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan

Sehrish Imran

sehrishimran07@gmail.com

Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah,

Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan

Zainab Batool

zainabbatool786@gmail.com

Department of Botany, Superior University Lahore

Hafiz Muhammad Usman

muhammadsman09@gmail.com

Department of Botany, Superior University Lahore

Tayyaba Munawar

tayyabamunawar123@gmail.com

Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah,

Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan

*Corresponding author’s E-mail Address: fagondal82@gmail.com

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Article ID: 2113

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Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits unrestricted use and distribution

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Abstract:

Background: Plants have played a crucial role in human life by providing for a

variety of needs. In addition to providing humans with food, fuel, shelter, and

fodder, also be used to make herbal remedies for a variety of illnesses.

Objective: The aim of this study was to document the medicinal uses of plants in

Pabbi Hills Punjab Province, Pakistan. Ethnobotanists investigate the

interactions between humans and plants.

Methodology: For the first time in the region, the ethnobotanical results include

quantitative data on the variety of therapeutic plants. Semi-structured interviews,

in-person interviews, open-ended questionnaires, and firsthand observations were

used to gather the data. Quantitative indicators of information consent factor

(ICF), fidelity level (FL), usage value (UV), frequency citation (FC), and relative

frequency citation (RFC) were used to examine the results.

Result: There have been reports of 60 plant species from 37 families being used

medicinally. With seven species, the Fabaceae family was shown to be the most

prevalent in the region. The most commonly utilized portions were found to be

the whole plant and its leaves (31%). The most popular form of preparation was

decoction (20.9% with 31 species). The categories of vomiting, flatulence, and

mouth freshing had the highest ICF value (1). Twelve plant species, including

Mentha longifolia (L.) L., Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, Foeniculum

vulgare Mill, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Acacia nilotica Willd., Punica granatum

L., Euclyptus globulens L., Cannabis sativa L., Ficus benghalensis L., Brassica

campestris L., Ficus religiosa L., and Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken, were

found to have 100% fidelity level. Mentha longifolia was reported to have the

greatest usage value (1.09), while its RFC value (0.94) was the highest. Mentha

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longifolia (L.) L. Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague was determined to have the

highest utilization report.

Conclusion: There are many therapeutic plants in the region, and people still

frequently use these plants in their daily life. However, the younger generation is

gradually losing their traditional understanding of these plants. The foundation

for the preservation of the native flora and its usage as food and medicine is

provided by this study. Additionally, it offers a range of socioeconomic aspects

related to the average person.

Key words: Ethnomedicinal, Pabbi Hills, Indigenous people Jehlum, Punjab

1. INTRODUCTION

Plants have been used by humans for centuries as food, medicine, fodder, and

construction materials. Globally, traditional and contemporary medications are largely

derived from medicinal plants (Siddique et al., 2021). Plant-based substances are the

source of many allopathic medications. Because they are less expensive, more effective, and

frequently have less adverse effects than synthetic pharmaceuticals, herbal medicines are

utilized extensively (Ahmed et al., 2020).

According to an estimate, 265,000 plant species are inhabited on this earth but only half

of these species are investigated for their medicinal values yet (Johnsy et al., 2012).

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Researchers all over the world are interested in finding out the usefulness of plants against

various diseases. In Europe about 25 to 30 hectares of land is devoted to medicinal plants

(Nemeth, 2007), 48% in Australia, 40–50% in Germany and 49% in France plants are

used against various ailments (Bibi et al., 2014). For the treatment of several illnesses,

traditional medical systems like Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine mostly rely

on medicinal plants (Manisha et al., 2025). Leaves, roots, stems, bark, and seeds are among

the several plant parts that are utilized to treat illnesses in both humans and animals (Khan

et al., 2016). But in most of developing countries, still now most of information is in

hand of native hakims and their information is either passed further orally or is lost (Amiri

et al., 2013).

Pakistan's diverse climate and biological circumstances contribute to its remarkable flower

variety. Approximately 600–700 of the nation's 6,000 flowering plant species are utilized

medicinally (Munawar et al., 2022). Nevertheless, a large portion of traditional knowledge

about medicinal plants is still unrecorded and is progressively vanishing.

In various parts of Pakistan, such as Haripur, Lower Swat, Kashmir Himalaya, Lower Dir,

and Sahiwal, several ethnomedical research have been carried out (Siddique et al., 2021;

Ali et al., 2023; Hassan et al., 2023; Irfan et al., 2023; Harun et al., 2025). Numerous

medicinal plant species used to cure a variety of illnesses were described in these research.

The Pabbi Hills in District Mandi Bahauddin, which are close to the Jhelum River, include

a variety of wild plants that may have therapeutic benefit (Khan et al., 2016; Munir et al.,

2024). The medicinal flora of Pabbi Hills has not gotten much attention, despite

ethnobotanical research being done in neighboring areas. Thus, the current study was

carried out to list the Pabbi Hills' medicinally significant plant species, document

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indigenous knowledge about their applications, and emphasize the necessity of their

protection.

1. MATERIAL & METHODS

1.1.

Study Area

Present study aims to explore the medicinal plants located on Pabbi Hills. The Pabbi hills

are a part of Himalayan foothills (Afzal et al., 2007). The Pabbi Hills are situated in the

Gujrat area in northern Pakistan. Geographically, these are made up of Upper Siwalik

fluvial deposits and are located on the southeast bank of the Jhelum River. These hills

surround Tehsils of Kharian and Sarai Alamgir of District Gujrat and Phalia of District

Mandi Bahauddin (Fig 1). This study area is home to over species of trees and shrubs

painting a colorful tapestry across the whole landscape. Tempe2rature may rise upto 48

°C (118 °F) during the peak of summer season while minimum temperature may fall

below 3 °C (37 °F) during winter. The average rainfall is 388 millimeters (15.3 inches)

(Haider et al., 2012).

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Figure.1. Geographical map of the Pabbi Hills, and location of localities.

1.2.

Qualitative Ethnomedicinal Data Collection

Multiple field visits were made to collect ethnomedicinal information regarding the use

of medicinal plants in Pabbi Hills. This survey was conducted from January to August

2026. Field interviews were carried out with local inhabitants, including elderly people,

herbal practitioners (Hakeems), midwives (Daai), and young people. Ethnomedicinal data

were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. The

questionnaire consisted of two sections. The first section included demographic

information of the informants, such as name, gender, age, occupation, and experience in

using medicinal plants. The second section comprised ethnomedicinal information,

including local plant name, family, plant parts used, mode of utilization, recipes, diseases

treated, and food value. Plant specimens were collected, photographed, identified, and

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verified with the help of informants and the Flora of Pakistan. The collected plant species

were identified by Prof. Dr. Farooq Ahmad and also verified through flora of Pakistan

(Nasir & Ali, 1995; Ali & Qaiser 2004) and The Plant List (WFO The Plant List, 2021).

The identified voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of superior university

Sargodha for future record and references.

1.3.

Quantitative Data Analysis

Plant species that are significant to ethnobotany were listed alphabetically according to

their botanical name, family, habit, portions utilized, modalities of usage, and disease

treatment. The recorded data was examined using a variety of quantitative indices, such as

usage value (UV), relative frequency citation (RFC), informant consensus factor (ICF),

and the Jaccard index (JI). All quantitative data were being analyzed and results were

interpreted by using EXCEL and SPSS.

1.3.1. Relative Frequency of Citation(RFC)

The RFC of medicinally important plants of study area was calculated by using following

formula:

RFC =FC/N (0 ˂ RFC ˂1)

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“FC” is indicating the number of participants that report the uses of specific species and

N indicates the total informants who are involved in the study (Vitalini et al., 2013). By

the use of above-mentioned formula, one can determine the importance of different

species in an area. The RFC index ranges from “0” when nobody referred to a plant as

useful to “1” when all informants referred to as useful.

1.3.2. Use Value(UV)

UV value tells us about the relative importance of plants. UV of any species was calculated

by using the formula used by (Iqbal et al., 2021)

UV= ΣU/ n

‘’ ΣU”is sum of all uses mentioned for a given species by each informant. n indicates the

total number of participants interviewed that used the given species. UV is higher near 1

and (0) if low. A plant with a high UV score has a lot of usage reports, and vice versa.

1.3.3. Informant Consensus Factor(ICF)

In order to categorize the most reliable medicinal plants for those diseases that are

considered to be most frequent in the area, ICF will be used (Shah et al., 2019).

ICF = Nur - Nt/ Nur-1

Where Nur represents the number use reports of a specific plant for a particular ailment

and Nt indicates the total species that are used by all participants for this ailment category.

1.3.4. Fidelity Level(FL)

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Fidelity level is generally used to find out the species domination over other species for

curing specific complaints (Hassan et al., 2017). It will be calculated by the use of

following formula.

FL= Np/N × 100

Where Np is demonstrating the number of those contributors that specify the use of

species for particular illness category and N designates number of those informants that

use them for any type of disease category. High Fidelity level indicates that plant is

tremendously used for a specific disorder.

1.3.5. Jaccard Coefficient of Similarity(JCS)

Ethnobotanist use JCS for making comparison of reported research species with the

previous published data gathered from adjoining areas. JCS was calculated by following

(González-Tejero et al., 2008):

Here ‘’a’’ is the no of species found only in Study area. ‘’b’’ is the no of species found only

in adjoining area or B. While ‘’c’’ is the number of species common to both areas A and

B.

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1.3.6. Direct Matrix Ranking (DMR)

DMR is generally used for finding the use diversity of multipurpose plants i.e. Plants

which are used for various other purposes in addition to their medicinal uses. Based on

information gathered from respondents, it was calculated using techniques to compare the

utilization of plant species (Hassan et al., 2019). In order to get DMR data, informants

were questioned about values such (0 = not used, 1 = least utilized, 2 = less, 3 = good,

4 = very good, and 5 = best). They rated the computed values.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1.

QUALITATIVE ETHNOBOTANICAL ANALYSIS

3.1.1. Demographic Data of the Participants

About data of 65 individuals were recorded through In-person interviews and

questionnaires (Figure 2). Interviews were conducted in Punjabi, the regional language. In

terms of gender, 24 men and 41 women took part in this study. In order to learn more

about the therapeutic applications of plants, women work alongside men in the field. The

high number of female informants can be attributed to the ease of obtaining information

from women compared to males. Our results are consistence with (Munawar et al., 2021;

Hussain, 2026). Similarly, 61.54% of informants were indigenous to the research region,

and 38.46% were traditional health practitioners (THPs). THPs were categorized

according to their experience in this field, which is consistent with the findings of (Munir

et al., 2024). Our finding contrary to (Khadim et al., 2023) According to age statistics,

53.85% of people with traditional medicinal consciousness are between the ages of 60

and 80. 40–60 years old (29.23%) and older than 40 (16.92%) came next (Khadim et

al., 2023).

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Figure .2 Detail of Informant and participants involved in study.

3.1.2. Growth form of medicinal plants

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A total of 60 plant species belonging to 37 families are used traditionally for

various livelihood requirements in the study area. The study is Pabbi hill that’s why it is

dominated by herbs out of the 60 plant species, 55% were herbs, 33% trees, 11.6% shrubs

and 3% are climbers (Fig 3). These results agreed with results of (Shah et al.2018; Amjad

et al. 2020).

Figure. 3 Growth forms of medicinal plants.

The dominant family is Ethnomedicinal flora showed that largest family of study area was

Fabaceae contributing 7 plant species (Table .1). The highest reports of Fabaceae family

is due to its richness and vast diversity in study area. The Fabaceae family has also been

dominant in previous findings of (Hussain et al., 2026; Ullah et al., 2025; Yaseen et al.,

2019).

Table.1 Family importance index of medicinal flora of study area

Sr. No

Family

No

7

4

percentage

20.00

11.43

8.57

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Fabaceae

Asteraceae

Apiaceae

Solanaceae

Moraceae

3

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6.

7.

8.

9.

Myrtaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Lamiaceae

Malvaceae

Meliaceae

3

2

1

8.57

5.71

2.86

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

Poaceae

Amaranthaceae

Anacardiaceae

Asclepiadaceae

Asphodelaceae

Brassicaceae

Cannabaceae

Caricaceae

Caryophyllaceae

Chenopdiaceae

Convolvulaceae

Crassulaceae

Cucurbitaceae

Cyperaceae

Lythraceae

Menispermaceae

Mimosaceae

Moringaceae

Musaceae

Nitrariaceae

Oxalidaceae

Rhamnaceae

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33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

Rosaceae

Zygophyllaceae

Verbenaceae

Bombacaceae

Amaryllidaceae

1

2.86

3.1.3. Plant Parts Used and Their Mode of Utilization

Results of this study indicate that leaves (Figure 4) have maximum usage for medicinal

purpose percentage (31.03%) in accordance with the finding of (Namukobe et al., 2011;

Bamla et al., 2018; Pala et al., 2010). It is followed by Seed (16.38%), Fruits (14.66%),

roots (11.21%), barks (7.76%), Flower and whole plant (5.17%), twigs (4.31%), plant

exudates (3.45%), bulb (1.72%) and Legumes (1.71%). A recent study demonstrated

that leaves are the key photosynthetic organs that are main component for the synthesis

of those constituent which are active against different diseases in plants. Thus their

preference to other parts of plant is because of active constituent’s accumulation in them

(Tugume et al., 2016).

Figure. 4 Percentage of Plant Parts Used

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Indigenous people employ various plant parts in a variety of methods, such as decoction,

juice, extract, powder, etc. The most popular way of using plant parts was decoction

(Figure 5), with 31 sp.; 20.92%, followed by powder (29 sp.; 18.30%), eaten raw (17

sp.; 11.76%), and juice (13 sp.; 8.50%). The earlier documentation of further supports

these findings. (Umair et al., 2019; Aziz et al., 2018; M. Ahmad et al., 2014; Ashfaq et

al., 2019; Bibi et al., 2014)

Methods of usage of different plant parts in medicine

35.00

30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00

Percentage

Figure. 5 Methods of usage of different plants parts in medicine.

3.1.4. Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC)

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The popularity of any plant species among the local residents of the research region may

be explained by its RFC value. The range of our RFC values was 0.06 to 0.94. Mentha

longifolia had the highest RFC value (RFC 0.94), Lowest RFC was reported for Lantana

Camera (RFC: 0.06) (Table 2). People are well-informed about these plants and their

use, and they are abundant in the research region. Locals value them for their ability to

treat a variety of illnesses. Mentha longifolia is one of the plant species with a high RFC

that has been linked to stomach issues. According to earlier research, Mentha longifolia

can be used to treat gastrointestinal issues, digestive issues, and thirst (Jan et al., 2020).

On the other hand, gastrointestinal disorders are treated using Trachyspermum ammi.

Additionally, reported applications of Mentha longifolia and Trachyspermum ammi

substantially coincide with prior research on gastrointestinal disorders (Siddique et al.,

2024; Goyal et al., 2022). Plants having high RFC values may be used to synthesize

medications and assess significant phytochemicals.

3.1.5. Use Value:

The use value was measure to examine the significant species of medicinal plants according

to their applications. UV values varied from 0.06 to 1.09 in this investigation. Mentha

longifolia has the highest sue value, 1.09 UV. Lanatana Camera was found to have the

lowest UV rating, 0.06. (Table 2). Because locals are aware of their qualities and often

use them for a variety of purposes, plants that are more naturally abundant in a certain

location are extensively researched. It is stated that ethnomedicinal species with high UVs

and RFCs values ought to be examined in order to assess and prove their pharmacological

efficacy (Yaseen , 2019). Although plants with low UVs are nonetheless significant

(Amjad et al., 2017), their low values indicate that locals are not aware of their uses, which

prevents information from being passed along to offspring.

3.1.6. Fidelity Level(FL)

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In order to determine the informant consensus on the usage of particular plant species for

the treatment of a particular ailment, the Fidelity level (FL) was calculated (Caunca, E. S.,

& Balinado 2021). A plant species dominant over other plant species in treating the same

ailment is highlighted by its specificity. In this investigation, the fidelity level varied from

22.22% to 100%. The fidelity level of each species and its particular usage are shown

(Table 2). Twelve plant species had a faithfulness score of 100%. Low fidelity levels

indicate random treatment, but high fidelity levels demonstrate plant specificity for a

particular disease. Mentha longifolia, Trachyspermum ammi, Foeniculum vulgare,

Azadirachta indica, Acacia nilotica, Punica granatum, Euclyptus globulens, Cannabis

sativa, Ficus benghalensis, Brassica campestris, Ficus religiosa, and Bryophyllum pinnatum

are the plant species that have 100% FL. Tinospora cordifolia (96.08%), Melia azedarach

(FL: 95.12%), and Rosa indica (FL: 98.08%) came next. According to research by

Rather et al., (2016) and Goyal et al., 2022, Foeniculum vulgare, one of the documented

plant species Trachyspermum ammi, exhibits selectivity for gastrointestinal issues. The

usage of Achyranthes aspera for asthma is also consistent with earlier research (Kaushik et

al., 2024). Another finding supporting our result that Acacia nilotica for leacchorea and

Cichorium intybus for jaundice are usefull. (Mirza, 2019; Zolfigol & Eftekhari, 2025).

Intestinal worms are said to be killed by Chenopodium album (Lone, 2017).

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Table 2. Ethnobotanical information of plants from Pabbi Hill, Punjab.

S

Scientific name

Commo

n name

Family

Lif

e

Plant

part

Mode of

utilizatio

n

Medicinal use

An

y

R

F

FL

U

V

VN

r.

#

for

m

used

foo

d

C

val

ue

1.

2.

Achyranthes aspera

L.

Puthka

nda

Amarantha

ceae

He Leav

rb es

Poultice

Ash

Insects bite

Cough and sore

throat

Piles

Cholera

Rheumatic/

body pain and

backache

Nil 0.

68 0.

58

PB-

1

45 .9

Juice

Root Powder

Calotropis procera

(Willd.) R. Br.

Aak

Asclepiadac Shr Leav

eae ub es

Poultice

Nil 0.

89 0.

PB-

71 .1

82 14

Dried

&smell

Paste

Asthma

Twig Latex

s

Healing

wounds and

internal injuries

Cough,

Root Decoctio

s

n

toothache

Liver diseases

Jaundice and

joint pain

Flora Dried

l

parts

3.

Convolvulus

arvensis L.

Lehli

Convolvula Cli

Leav

es

Directly

chewed

Constipation,

anthelmintic

Nil 0.

70 0.

PB-

ceae

mb

er

26 .6

45 15

Decoctio

n

Wound

healing, killing

intestinal

worms

Paste

Itching and

leprosy

Root Juice

Urinary

problems

Lowering

blood pressure,

blood

4.

Azadirachta indica

A. Juss.

Neem

MeliaFceae Tre Leav

es

Juice

0.

80

10 0.

0 91

PB-

2

e

purification

and curing

diabetes, insect

repellent

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Bark

Paste

Skin diseases

Decoctio

n

Toothache and

irregular

menstrual cycle

Twig Directly

Miswak

s

used

Fruit

Eaten as

raw

Piles

5.

Ricinus communis

L.

Arandi,

Arand

Euphorbiac shr

Seeds Decoctio

n

Constipation in

newly born

babies

0.

94 0.

PB-

eae

ub

60 .9

60 50

Oil

Hair loss

Flora Powder

Snake bite

l

buds

Leav

es

Fruit

Bandage

To remove pus

from wounds

Killing

6.

Solanum nigrum

Kaich

Maich,

Mako

Solanaceae

He

rb

Eaten as

raw

0.

84 0.

PB-

intestinal

49 .3

49 52

worms and liver

diseases

Leav

es

Decoctio

n

Gyneological

diseases and

stomach

problems

Burnt in

oil

Healing burnt

wounds

Extract

Earache

Root Decoctio

n

Induces sleep

7.

Aloe barbadensis

Mill.

Aloe

vera,

Asphodelac He

eae rb

Leav

es

Cooked

Pulp

Treat

constipation,

For 0.

ma 91 .5

91 0.

97

PB-

3

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Gwalka

ndal

thyphoid, joint kin

pain, digestive

problems,

g

hal

wa

redness of eye,

acne,

strengthen hairs

, appetizer

8. Melia azedarach L. Dharee

k

Meliaceae

Moraceae

Tre Leav

es

Paste

Juice

Relieving pain

0.

95 0.

PB-

e

63 .1

75 36

Removing

waste material

and for blood

purification

Jaundice,

typhoid, fever

Sexual diseases,

toothache.

Extract

Latex

9.

Ficus benghalensis

Bohar

Tre Leav

0.

69

10 0.

PB-

L.

e

es

0

85 31

Poultice

Powder

Restrict pus

formation in

abscesses

Backache and

gout

Adve

ntitio

us

Killing

roots

intestinal

worms

Twig Directly

Miswak

s

used

10. Ficus religiosa L.

Peepal

Moraceae

Tre Bark

e

Powder

Make teeth and

gum strong,

stomach

0.

43

10 0.

PB-

0

65 32

diseases,

diarrhea

Extract

Cure consistent

urination in

jaundice

patients

Leav

es

Decoctio

n

For treating

abscesses

Powder

For treating

constipation

Cough, flu, sore

throat

11.

Safaida

Myrtaceae

Tre Leav

Decoctio

n

0.

74

10 0.

PB-

Euclyptus

globulens L.

e

es

0

83 29

Directly

smelled

To open nasal

cavities during

cough

Oil

Joint pains

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12. Syzygium cumini

Jamun

Myrtaceae

Tre Fruit

e

Eaten as

raw

Good appetizer

and improves

digestion.

0.

91 0.

PB-

(L.) Skeels

75 .8

95 53

Leav

es

Decoctio

n

Gargling

Bark

Ash

Effective for

teeth

Seeds Powder

Lower high

sugar level,

diarrhea and

dysentery

Appetizer

13. Grewia asiatica L.

Falsa

Malvaceae

Tre Fruit

Eaten as

raw

Fru 0.

92 0.

PB-

e

it 40 .3

40 34

Juice

Alleviate

warmth,

effective for

stomach,

vomiting and

diarrhea

14. Dalbergia sissoo

Tali/Sh Fabaceae

eesham

Tre Bark

e

Powder

Gonorrhea

0.

66 0.

PB-

DC.

28 .7

48 27

Root Powder

reduce the

effect of

alcohol

Leav

es

Decoctio

n

increasing

length of hairs,

eyelids

infection

15. Datura

Datura

Solanaceae

He

rb

Leav

es

Directly

smelled

Treat

0.

61 0.

PB-

stramonium L.

phlegmatic

asthma and

throat diseases

Joint pain

20 .5

20 28

Burnt

with oil

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Fruit

seeds

Powder

burnt

with oil

Powder

Oil

Decrease

baldness and

reduce dandruff

Fever

Seed

16. Brassica campestris Sarson

L.

Brassicacea

e

her

b

Healing pain

on joints,

Saa

gh

0.

49

10 0.

PB-

0

49 10

strong hairs

against stomach

acidity

Hair growth

and control of

leave

s

Decoctio

n

Boiled

with oil

17. Withania

somnifera L.

Dund.

Aksen,

Asgand

Solanaceae

Shr Fruit

ub

0.

52 0.

35 .1

49 60

& applied dandruff

directly

Powder

Treat

constipation

and kills

intestinal

worms

Decoctio

n

strengthens

sexual organs

and cures

leachorea

Removes bad

odour of

mouth

18. Pongamia pinnata

Sukh

chain

Fabaceae

Tre Twig Miswak

Fru 0.

53 0.

PB-

(L.) Pierress

e

s

it

18 .8 18 45

19. Acacia nilotica

Kikar

Mimosacea Tre Gum

Dried

Lung and

intestinal

Infections

Diarrhea

0.

65

10 0.

PB-

4

Willd.

e

powder

Grinded

with

0

86

Leav

es

water

Flow

ers

Powder

Cure leucorrhea

and sexual

diseases

Root Powder

Strengthening

gums and teeth,

cure bleeding

gums

Legu

mes

Powder

Excessive

urination

during Diabetes

Rapid hair

growth, curing

20. Allium cepa L.

Pyaz

Amaryllida

ceae

He

rb

Bulb

Juice

mixed

Ve

get

abl

e

0.

89 0.

PB-

5

75 .8

83

with olive baldness,

and

treating deep

coconut

oil

and hard

abscesses and

insect bite

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21. Albizia lebbek

Shireen, Fabaceae

sars

Tre Bark

e

Powder

Sprinkled on

flowing

0.

47 0.

PB-

6

Benth

26 .0

60

wounds and

abscesses

Leav

es

Juice

Eye infection,

teeth and

swollen gums

Cure menstrual

pain, kills lices

and curing

dandruff,

22. Cannabis sativa L.

Bhang

Cannabace

ae

He

rb

Leav

es

0.

66

10 0.

PB-

0

66 16

narcotic

Poultice

Paste

Heals wounds

Phlegmatic

fever and

malaria

Seeds Powder

Treat diarrhea

Decrease thirst

and

23. longifolia (L.) L.

Podina

Lamiaceae

He

rb

Leav

e

Juice

Ve

get

0.

94

10 1.

PB-

0

09 37

warmness,appiti abl

zer

e

Paste

Abdominal

pain, desentery

and gastric

problems

Eaten as

raw

Removing bad

odour from

mouth

Decoctio

n

Vomiting,

diarrhea,

cholera

24. Coriandrum

sativum L.

Dhaniy

a

Apiaceae

He

rb

Seeds Decoctio

n

Fever, lowering

cholesterol level get

Ve

0.

62 0.

PB-

69 .2

72 17

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Leav

es

Paste

Treat Acne

abl

e

25. Cassia fistula L.

Amaltas Fabaceae

Tre Fruit

Extract

Constipation

0.

81 0.

PB-

e

pulp

Root Smoke of Treats flowing

51 .8

57 18

s

burnt

nose, fever and

malaria

roots is

smelled

Rubbed

Leav

es

Swollen joints

and paralysis

Itching

26. Carica papaya L.

Papeeta

Caricaceae

Tre Seeds Powder

Fru 0.

50 0.

PB-

e

along

it

25

34 19

with oil

Powder

Indigestion,

cholera,

abdominal pain

and removing

intestinal

worms

Fruit

Eaten as

raw

Treat

constipation,

good appetizer

Stabilizes

27. Bauhinia variegata

kachnar Fabaceae

Tre Bark

e

Powder

Ve

get

abl

e

0.

11

5.

1

0.

PB-

L.

hormonal

18 11

imbalance in

men and

women

Leav

es

Extract

Liver disorders

and jaundice

Flora Cooked

Nervous

l

weakness,

buds

blood

purification,

bleeding piles,

flu and cough

Cure obesity

and reduces

weight

28. Anethum

Soye

Apiaceae

He

rb

Seeds Eaten as

raw

0.

87 0.

68

PB-

7

graveolens L.

60 .2

Decoctio

n

Reduces

menstrual pain

29. Psidium guajava L. Amroo

d

Myrtaceae

Tre Leav

Decoctio

n

Treating

toothache, gum

problems,

Fru 0.

it 62 .5

87 0.

PB-

e

es

71 46

throat diseases

Improves

digestion, treats

Fruit

Eaten as

raw

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bloody piles,

liver and kidney

Seeds Eaten as

raw

Inflammation

Kill intestinal

worms

30. Punica granatum

Anaar

Lythraceae

Tre Seeds Eaten as

Abdominal

pain

Fru 0.

10 0.

PB-

L.

e

raw

it

68

0

80 47

Fruit

Peel

Curing diarrhea

soaked in and intestinal

water

Juice

worms

Dysentery

Eaten as

raw

Blood

production,

improves heart

functions

Root Decoctio

Cure old fever,

anthelmintic

Relieve heat

stroke

bark

Tre Unri

n

31. Mangifera indica

Mango

Anacardiac

eae

Syrup

Fru 0.

69 0.

PB-

L.

e

pen

it

55 .4 55 38

fruit

Eaten as

raw

Constipation

and liver

diseases

Leav

es

bark

Decoctio

n

Inflammation

and intestinal

worms

32. Musa L.

Tre Fruit

e

Paste

Healing

burning

sensation and

inflammation

Decrease

acidity

Stomach

problem and

Fru 0.

40 0.

PB-

Musace

ae

Bana

it

23

43 39

Eaten as

raw

Paste

along

33. Ocimum basilicum Niazbo

L.

Labiatae

He

rb

Leav

es

0.

84 0.

51 .8

58 43

with mint digestive

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Seeds Soaked in Disorders

water

Enhances

soothing effect

34. Tinospora

Gilo

Menisperm He

Twig Juice with Curing old

0.

95 0.

PB-

cordifolia (Willd.)

Miers

aceae

rb

s

carom

seeds

fever, malaria,

typhoid, blood

purification

78

78 55

and curing skin

diseases

35. Bombax ceiba L.

Bombac

aceae

Tre Bark

e

Bark

Remove waste

material from

Ve

get

0.

93 0.

82

PB-

8

Simbal

74 .7

body, stabilizes abl

high blood

pressure, open

cardiac vessels

and strengthen

heart

e

Gum

Insect bite

36. Bryophyllum

pinnatum (Lam.)

Oken

Pathar

chat

Crassulacea He

Leav

es

Directly

chewed

Remove kidney

stone

0.

31

10 0.

PB-

e

rb

0

31 12

37. Oxalis corniculata

L.

Loonki, Oxalidacea

He

rb

Leav

es

Who Directly

le

plant

Rubbed

Treat insect

bite

0.

54 0.

PB-

khati

booti

e

17 .5

0

20 44

Stomach

illness, gas

troubles

Useful for

brain

Dried

powder

38. Cucurbita maxima

KADO

Cucurbitac

eae

Cli

mb

er

Seeds Oil

Ve

get

abl

e

0.

85 0.

PB-

Duchesne

42 .1

9

60 20

Fruit

Boiled

with salt

and

Weight loss

pepper

Juice

Soothing effect,

Fever

Directly

rubbed

Powder

39. Tribulus terrestris

Bhakra

Zygophylla He

Fruit

Cures joint

pain, backache

and urinary

bladder

0.

90 0.

PB-

L.

ceae

rb

65 .4

8

65 56

disorders

removes kidney

stones

40.

Solanaceae

He

rb

Eaten as

raw

Constipation

Ve

get

abl

e

0.

80 0.

PB-

Capsicum annuum

Sabz

mirch

L.

40 .7

40 21

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41. Morus alba L.

Toot

Moraceae

Rosaceae

Tre Fruit

e

Syrup

Sore throat,

throat

inflammation,

diarrhea,

constipation

Alleviate body

warmness,

constipation

Fru 0.

58 0.

PB-

it

18 .3

25 40

3

42.

Gulab

Shr Flow

Gulkand

0.

98 0.

Rosa indica L.

ub

er

80 .0

94 51

Extract/

Rose

Treats eye pain

or eye

water

infections and

liver diseases

decrease

menstrual pain

Mediates child

birth,

43. Helianthus annuus Soraj

Asteraceae

He

rb

Seeds Powder

0.

08

60 0.

PB-

L.

mukhi

12 35

eliminates

intestinal

worms

Leav

es

Heated

with

Cure flowing

ear

sesame

seeds in

oil

44. Trigonella

Meethi

Fabaceae

He

rb

Leav

es

Cooked

For making

saagh

Decrease

Saa

gh

0.

73 0.

PB-

foenum-graecum

L.

35 .9

35 57

Poultice

inflammation

and stiffness

from abscesses

Cure

phlegmatic

cough

Decoctio

n

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45. Ziziphus

Bair

Rhamnacea Shr Fruit

Eaten as

raw

Blood

purification

and

constipation

Cure swelling

in mouth, sore

throat, bleeding

gums, treat skin

diseases,

Fru 0.

85 0.

PB-

nummularia

(Burm.f.) Wight &

Arn.

e

ub

it

32 .7

32 60

1

Leav

es

Decoctio

n

Washing hairs

Cardiac

functions, body get

46. Moringa oleifera

suhanja

na

Moringace

ae

Tre Bark

e

Decoctio

n

Ve

0.

62 0.

PB-

Lam.

12 .5

12 41

inflammation,

anthelmintic

Increase milk

production

Cholera,

menstrual

problems

Used as manjan

for toothache

abl

e

47. Cyperus rotundas

Murak

Bans

Cyperaceae

Poaceae

He

rb

roots Poultice

Who Decoctio

0.

42 0.

PB-

11 .9

14 22

le

n

plant

Root Ash

48. Bambusa bambos

shr

ub

0.

64 0.

PB-

(L.) Voss

22 .3

46 13

Leav

es

Decoctio

n with

honey

Regulates

menstrual cycle,

eliminates

intestinal worm

and cure

respiratory

diseases

Gum

Powder

Fluid filled

pustules and

blisters in

mouth

49. Chenopodium

album L.

Bathua

Chenopdia

ceae

He

rb

Seeds Oil

Kills intestinal

worms

Saa

gh

0.

84 0.

PB-

29 .2

38 23

50. Alhagi maurorum

Jawahn, Fabaceae

jousa

He

rb

Who Decoctio

Improves liver

diseases,

0.

33 0.

PB-

9

Medik.

le

n

14 .3

15

plant

laxative

Poultice

Decoctio

n

Treats piles

Stomach

diseases,

indigestion, and

acidity

51. Cymbopogon

citratus (DC.)

Stapf

lemon

grass

Poaceae

Gra Leav

0.

90 0.

PB-

ss

es

65 .5

71 24

problems,

weight loss

Treats jaundice

and liver

52. Cichorium intybus kasini

L.

Asteraceae

He

rb

Leav

es

Decoctio

n

0.

78 0.

PB-

43 .3

51 25

and

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flowe

rs

diseases,

constipation

Root Powder

Bronchitis

s

53. Peganum harmala

Hermal

Nitrariacea

e

He

rb

Root Paste

Anti-lice

0.

77 0.

PB-

L.

s

Burnt in

oil

49 .8

59 48

Seeds Powder

Regulate

menstrual cycle,

killing

intestinal

worms, fever

Menstrual

discomfort

54. Stellaria media

Kokoon Caryophyll

He

rb

Who Decoctio

0.

28 0.

PB-

(L.) Vill.

,Sufaid

fulki

aceae

le

n

11 .6

11 54

plant

55. Carthamus

oxyacantha

M.Bieb.

Pohli

Asteraceae

He

rb

Seeds Oil

Skin

diseases/itchin

g

0.

08

60 0.

PB-

11 26

Powder

Seeds Leaves

Liver diseases

Flatulence,

stomach

diseases

56. Foeniculum

vulgare Mill.

Sunf

Apiaceae

He

rb

0.

92

10 1.

PB-

,

0

06 33

leave

s

Seeds

Paste

Strengthen eye

sight

Anti-

57. Lantana Camara

Punj

Phuli

Gajar

boti

Verbenace

Asteraceae

Shr Leav

0.

06

0.

25 0.

22 0.

PB-

06 42

L.

ub

He

rb

es

Leav

es

inflammation

stomach

diseases and

diabetes

58. Parthenium

hysterophorus L.

Decoctio

n

PB-

14 .2

14 49

59. Trachyspermum

ajwain

Apiaceae

He

rb

Seeds Decoctio

n

Cholera,

0.

92

10 1.

0 08 58

PB-

indigestion,

flatulence,

dysentery,

menstrual pain

ammi (L.) Sprague

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Extract/j

uice

Prevent vomit,

old fever,

typhoid

Eaten as

raw

Abdominal

pain, reduce

obesity

60.

Euphorbia hirta L. Dhodak Euphorbiac He

Who Decoctio

Asthma

0.

80 0.

PB-

eae

rb

le

n

08

08 30

plant

3.1.7. Informed Census factor

ICF was calculated to determine informants' agreement to the use of plants to treat

particular diseases (Irfan et al., 2023). Medicinal plants are used by the residents of the

research region to cure forty different kinds of illnesses. Vomiting, stomach discomfort,

diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, rheumatic/body pain, skin conditions, and toothaches were

the major conditions with high ICF. Kidney stones, flatulence, vomiting, and mouth

freshening had the greatest ICF (Figure 6), with 1 for each condition. Diabetes, diarrhea,

dysentery, eye infections, and sexual illnesses with an ICF value of 0.98. Body

inflammation had the lowest ICF score (0.63), followed by ear health (ICF = 0.75). The

results of are similarly consistent with the highest ICF for kidney stones (Zahoor et al.,

2021). Such other report demonstrated that gastrointestinal illnesses (diarrhea, dysentery,

vomiting, and abdominal discomfort) have highest ICF (Goyal et al., 2022; Saeed et al.,

2014; Sobayo et al., 2013; Syed et al., 2012). Mentha longifolia, rachyspermum ammi,

Ricinus communis, Carica papaya, and Foeniculum vulgare are among the plant species

used to treat GIT diseases, while Bryophyllum pinnatum is frequently utilized by the locals

in the research region to cure kidney stones. According to literature, if a plant has a high

ICF value and is useful in treating a condition, it should be chosen above other options

(Tuasha et al., 2018).

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Figure 6. Informed Census factor

3.1.8. JCS

The JCS is used by ethnobotanists to compare reported study species with previously

published data collected from nearby regions (Ullah et al., 2025). A small number of

ethnomedical research publications from nearby regions were chosen to examine the

Jaccard coefficient of similarity. The two area comparable flora, customs, and topography

are the reasons for the high Jaccard similarity coefficient. High similarity might result

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from a common understanding of therapeutic plants. 4% was found to be a low JCR

(Amjad et al., 2017). JI range from 34.6 to 17.5. The highest JI value was 34.6 from Sarai

Alamgir Jhelum area (Khan et al., 2015) 25 from district mangowal Gujrat (Hussain et

al., 2026; Parvaiz, 2014), 23 from district Mandibahauddin (Munir et al., 2024) and

17.5 from head qadirabad and adjoining areas (Hanif et al., 2013)

3.7.9. DMR

The people of present study area ranked species differently on the basis of their

importance as well as their preference. Six plant species were selected for DMR ranking.

This selection was based on the medicinal uses, as well as their use for making fuel,

furniture and fodder for animals. Highest ranking was given to Syzygium cumini (Table

3) for its multipurpose uses followed by Melia azedarach.

Table 3. DMR Analysis of Pabbi Hill.

Sr

Plant species

Medicinal furniture Fuel Fodder Food Total Rank

1. Syzygium cumini (L.)

Skeels

5

0

5

2

5

17

1st

2. Melia azedarach L.

3. Dalbergia sissoo DC.

4. Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss 3

5. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

6. Pongamia pinnata (L.)

Pierress

3

2

0

5

4

0

4

3

1

3

5

0

3

0

12

11

10

9

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

5

1

8

Conclusion

The Pabbi Hills region's rich ethnomedicinal knowledge and plant variety are

highlighted in this study, since the indigenous population still uses medicinal herbs for

basic treatment. The results highlight the value of conventional plant-based treatments for

a range of illnesses and cultural heritage preservation. However, this priceless treasure is

under danger due to the slow erosion of indigenous knowledge among younger

generations. For the benefit of future generations, efforts should be undertaken to record,

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preserve, and advance traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. Additional pharmacological

and conservation research may be based on the identified plant species.

REFERENCES:

1. Afzal, J., Ullah, M. A., & Anwar, M. (2007). Assessing carrying capacity of pabbi

Hills Kharian Range. J. Anim. Pl. Sci, 17(1-2), 27-29.

2. Ali S, Sayed AS, Saeed RF, Iqbal J, Ijaz S, Munazir M. Ethnomedicinal plant use

value in Lower Swat, Pakistan. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 2023 Feb

16;25:122.

3. Amiri, M. S., & Joharchi, M. R. (2013). Ethnobotanical investigation of traditional

medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of Mashhad, Iran. Avicenna

Journal of Phytomedicine, 3(3), 254.

4. Amjad, M. S., Qaeem, M. F., Ahmad, I., Khan, S. U., Chaudhari, S. K., Zahid

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