Al-Qamar is a quarterly, double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by Al-Qamar Islamic Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan. Print ISSN: 2664-438X Online ISSN: 2664-4398 Frequency: Quarterly Languages: English, Urdu, Arabic Sections: Research Articles and Book Reviews The journal publishes original research articles and book reviews in Islamic Studies and related fields, including Qur’anic and Hadith studies, Seerah, Islamic jurisprudence, Islamic thought, Muslim history, religion and society, ethics, law, civilization, and contemporary Muslim communities. The journal is internationally peer-reviewed and recognized by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. Published articles are available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Al-Qamar Islamic Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
قرآنی علوم و خدمات کے فروغ میں مولانا شیر بہادر کی علمی خدمات: ایک تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array this paper is an analysis of the works of Maulana Sher Bahadur to Quranic services. Maulana Sher Bahadur was one of the brightest religious scholars, teachers, and preachers who made a great contribution to the spreading of Quranic teachings in the region. In the study, the author lays emphasis on his works in the area of Qur’an teachings, Quranic commentary (Tafsir) and the general propagation of Quranic principles in the society. Maulana Sher Bahadur spent most of his life in the service of Quran in teaching in religious institutions, preaching and education of students in memorizing and comprehending Quran. He was connected with leading religious establishments, such as Madrasah Abdullah Ibn Abbas in Kohat where he contributed significantly to the education of so many students. This was due to his lessons and teachings where several students were able to memorize the Quran and even have to carry on with the task of distributing Quranic knowledge in other regions of the region. The paper also examines his education, intellectual sources and his methodology of teaching that was focused on simplicity, clarity, and accessibility in explaining the Quran teachings to the students and the entire society. Besides his academic and education endeavors, as well as teaching engagements, Maulana Sher Bahadur also helped reform the community morally and socially by promoting the Islamic values and enhancing the knowledge of the Quran. The research will capture and examine the academic contributions of Maulana Sher Bahadur and show how he contributed to the tradition of Qur schooling in District Kohat. The research keeps and analyzes his works and offers a good knowledge on the history of the Quranic services in the region and as a reference tool to the future scholars and researchers interested in the Islamic scholarship and regional religious history.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zafar Ullah, Dr. Farhad ullah, Dr.Qaisar Bilal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
شادی میں تاخیر کا مسئلہ: اسباب، معاشرتی اثرات اور سیر ِت نبوی صلى الله عليه وسلم کی روشنی میں حل
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array Marriage (Nikah) is a sacred cornerstone of the Islamic social system, ordained to preserve moral chastity, ensure human lineage, and foster spiritual tranquility. Despite its religious significance and inherent simplicity, contemporary Muslim societies face a growing crisis of delayed marriage. This study investigates the multifaceted causes of this delay, categorizing them into socio-cultural barriers such as deep- seated caste prejudices, unrealistic materialistic expectations, and extravagant wedding rituals and economic pressures, including unemployment and inflation. The research further analyzes the detrimental impacts of this phenomenon, emphasizing heightened psychological distress among the youth, moral decline, and structural disruptions within the family unit. Drawing upon the Holy Qur'an and the Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), this paper proposes institutional and prophetic solutions. It advocates for reviving simplicity in nuptial ceremonies, integrating marital education into academic curricula, strengthening familial consultation (Shura), and mobilizing religious scholars (Ulama) to facilitate accessible marriages. Ultimately, this study offers a holistic framework to mitigate delayed marriage and restore a balanced, resilient Islamic society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Asjad Ali, Dr. Abdul Aleem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Religious Legacy of the Harappan Civilization: Critically Reappraising Religious Continuities
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This research intends to recognize the influence of Harappan religious inheritance not only in the early strata of Hinduism but also in the religious thought prevalent in the greater Arab world, considering the hypothesis that Harappans might be the parent stock of Mesopotamians. According to the King James version of the Bible, the ancestors of the Hebrews came to the city of Ur from the East; the Bible does not say when Noah and his son Shem with their families arrived in Sumer (Ur), but it does say that they came from the East and according to some scholars the region to the east is either Me Luhha (Indus Valley civilization) or Dilmun (Bahrain). Moreover, Jim Wills has based a theory on more recent archaeological excavation reports from northwest India (present day Pakistan) that Hinduism just might prove to be much older than what scholars initially thought and might have arisen during the Indus Valley civilization era. Therefore, this study has explored possibilities of the fact that this region was not only home to later indigenous religions like Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism that helped to shape the religious beliefs of other regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia but also has a much older religious presence during the Indus Valley civilization, which seems like to have contributed towards shaping the religious beliefs of the greater Arab world.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Sarah Umer (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
رسالہ قشیریہ میں کتاب و سنت سے استنباط و اکتساب کے مناہج:ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array Risalah Qushairiah, authored by the legend Sufi Scholar Imam Qushairi is considered as an Encyclopaedia of Sufism, in academic circles. Due to the reason that it reflects almost all traits and foundations of Tasawwuf. Imam Qushairi claims that the classic Sufism has been derived from Kitab o Sunnah, the fundamental sources of Islam. However, all great Sufi scholars, developed a distinct emphasis on spiritual states (Ahwal) and permissible renunciations (Tark-e-Ghair and Rukhsat). Qushairi has opted for his own style of writing and interpreting Sufi doctrines, remaining committed to the principles of all schools. In the preamble of his book, Imam Qushairi elucidates that he presents Sufism in its original form that became according to him, polluted with some artificialities of his time. This article explores the method of deriving knowledge from the Qur’an and Sunnah for Sufi worldview and life-style, with reference to AlRisalah al-Qushayriyya.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. Dr. Mustafeez Ahmad Alvi, Dr. Muhammad Adeel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Comparative Study of Ethical Leadership Principles: The Prophetic Model and Contemporary Leadership Ethics
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array With a growing awareness and concern about corruption, abuse of power, organizational misconduct, and loss of public trust in institutions around the world, the study of ethical leadership has emerged as one of the most prominent fields of study in the discipline of leadership. In modern theories of leadership, integrity, accountability, fairness, transparency and servant leadership are considered to be key values of a good leader. The ideas have become well known in the field of management, and organizational study, but the example of the Prophet (saw) is a complete and everlasting example of ethical leadership, which is over 1400 years old and predates modern concepts. In this research the author critically analyzes the principles of ethical leadership found in the Prophetic model (Uswah Hasanah صلى الله عليه وسلم (and contrasts them with the ethical leadership in the modern era. The study reflects on, through qualitative and analytical research, the important ethical issues such as integrity, justice, accountability, consultation, compassion, service and moral responsibility. Prophetic model combines ethical behaviour with spiritual responsibility, social responsibility and social welfare, providing a more comprehensive understanding of ethical leadership. The study concludes that the Prophetic leadership paradigm is still very pertinent to the current leadership challenges and can play a great role in the discussions on ethical governance and leadership of today's organizations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arusa Anwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
قرآنی تصورِ ’وَلْيَتَلَطَّفْ‘ اور عصری سماجی رویے: تعمیرِ معاشرہ کا ایک عمرانی مطالعہ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This research paper explores the profound sociological and ethical implications of the Qur’anic word 'Wa-l-Yatalattaf' (Surah Al-Kahf: 19), examining how this divine principle can reform modern social interactions. Located at the exact textual center of the Holy Qur'an, this term translates to acting with utmost gentleness, subtle caution, and strategic wisdom. The study begins with an in-depth linguistic and contextual analysis of the word, tracing its historical background to the story of the Companions of the Cave (Ashab al-Kahf). When they awoke after three centuries, they used this term to instruct their companion to be extremely cautious and polite while fetching food, ensuring their survival and protecting their faith from a tyrannical regime.Moving beyond the historical narrative, this paper examines the practical application of 'Wa-l-Yatalattaf' in addressing contemporary societal challenges. Through a sociological lens, the study analyzes four core dimensions of this concept: gentleness in speech, the preservation of privacy and confidentiality, fairness and leniency in business and daily dealings, and the strategic protection of religious identity ۔ In an era marked by social polarization, corporate greed, office politics, and weakening family bonds, this study argues that the spirit of 'Wa-l-Yatalattaf' serves as a vital defensive shield and a constructive tool. It offers a balanced approach between soft interpersonal skills and sharp situational awareness. Ultimately, the paper concludes that adopting this Qur’anic framework can bridge class divides, restore mutual trust, reduce psychological anxiety, and foster a peaceful, resilient, and morally stable society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Loqman Ahmad, Faiza Khan, Moqadus Habiba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
آن لائن بد اخلاقی اور منفی تبصرے: سیرت النبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی روشنی میں رہنمائی
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array In the contemporary digital era, social media has revolutionized human communication by allowing individuals to express opinions, share experiences, and engage with a global audience in real-time. However, this ease of access and freedom of speech has also opened doors to various forms of unethical and harmful communication, including negative comments, personal insults, slandering, backbiting, and character assassination. These digital behaviors, while normalized in many online spaces, pose serious moral and spiritual challenges, especially within the Muslim community. The proliferation of social media has redefined human interaction, offering a powerful platform for communication and expression. However, this digital liberty has also facilitated the spread of unethical discourse, including negative comments, personal attacks, slander, and misinformation. This paper explores these phenomena from an Islamic ethical framework, rooted in the Qur’an and the Sunnah. It aims to answer the fundamental research question: What guidance does Islam provide regarding the ethical use of speech and interaction in digital environments such as social media? By analyzing classical Islamic teachings on speech, manners (adab), and social responsibility, the study critiques the rising culture of verbal aggression in online spaces. The paper also outlines the types of negative behaviors common on social media and contrasts them with prophetic models of communication. Ultimately, it offers practical recommendations for Muslims to uphold integrity, avoid harm, and embody Islamic values in their digital conduct
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Shehbaz Shabbir., Ayesha Mahmood, Sana Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Islam and the Changing Role of Women in Contemporary Times: A Special Study of Pakistani Society
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array Few topics generate as much controversy in contemporary Muslim societies as the question of women's roles. Pakistan, a country grappling with modernization, Islamization, economic development, and democratic transition, offers a particularly revealing case. This study examines the changing role of women in contemporary Pakistani society through an interdisciplinary lens that takes Islamic teachings seriously while engaging with empirical data, legal analysis, sociological research, and policy evaluation. Moving beyond both Western feminist critiques that dismiss Islam as inherently patriarchal and conservative narratives that resist any change as un-Islamic, the paper develops an internally grounded framework that distinguishes between eternal ethical principles and historically contingent interpretations. Drawing on Qur'anic exegesis, Hadith analysis, classical legal theory, contemporary Islamic scholarship, Pakistani legislation, development reports, and peer-reviewed research, the study examines women's participation across education, professional employment, family structures, public institutions, and political leadership. It identifies persistent challenges: legal gaps between constitutional guarantees and personal status laws, educational disparities, occupational segregation, the double burden of paid work and domestic labor, violence against women, and restrictive social norms. The paper then develops an Islamic evaluation of contemporary changes, arguing that the Qur'an's egalitarian ethic supports women's full participation in all domains, but within a framework that preserves family cohesion, modesty, and mutual respect. The proposed model—family-centered empowerment with ethical participation—rejects both Western individualistic feminism and conservative patriarchal restriction, offering instead a distinctly Islamic vision of women's development that is both faithful to sacred texts and responsive to contemporary Pakistani realities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Nabeela Falak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
دلالة الحروف الشرطية ووظيفتها في الأمثال العربية: دراسة نحوية دلالية
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This paper explores the syntactic frameworks and semantic dimensions of conditional particles that induce the jussive mood within Arabic proverbial literature. Celebrated for their conciseness, rhetorical sophistication, and stylistic accuracy, Arabic proverbs embody a profound linguistic and cultural legacy. Within this literary domain, conditional formulations operate as a vital vehicle for transmitting cultural insights, moral guidance, and historical wisdom in an abbreviated format. This research examines the most prevalent jussive conditional tools in Classical Arabic, tracing their grammatical behavior alongside their capacity to construct meaning. It specifically evaluates how these elements structure conditional clauses and dictate semantic readings, with particular emphasis on causal connections, hypothetical premises, and universal truths. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study analyzes a curated selection of authoritative and widely recognized Arabic proverbs. Through this approach, it uncovers the dynamic interplay between grammatical form and contextual meaning, illustrating how conditional syntax amplifies the persuasive power and communicative impact of these expressions. The analysis demonstrates that these conditional particles transcend basic grammatical functionality; they serve as foundational instruments for embedded semantic layers and pragmatic nuances. Ultimately, they prove indispensable in articulating universal principles and experiential truth within Arabic proverbial discourse.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Kausar Arshad, Dr. Abdullah Muhammad Bilal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
مذہب کی قدامت اور حقیقت: اسلامی تعلیمات کے تناظر میں ایک تنقیدی و تحقیقی مطالعہ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This research paper presents a comprehensive study of the antiquity and reality of religion, examining its definition, historical continuity, and intrinsic human necessity through the lens of Islamic teachings. The concept of religion is as ancient as the universe itself, as the entire cosmos operates in submission to divine injunctions. The study begins by analyzing various definitions of religion provided by both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars, including Edward Burnett Tylor, Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Muslim thinkers such as Imam Ghazali, Muhammad Abduh, Allama Iqbal, and Maulana Maududi. It then distinguishes between the Arabic term "Dīn" and the commonly understood notion of "madhhab" (religion), highlighting that Islam is not merely a religion but a complete and comprehensive way of life (Dīn) that governs every aspect of human existence—spiritual, moral, social, economic, political, and legal. The paper explores the meaning and concept of "Dīn" in the Qur'an, including its various connotations: obedience, judgment, sovereignty, state law, and justice. The study further demonstrates the necessity of religion from multiple perspectives: rational, historical, intellectual, natural (fiṭrah), civilizational, moral, spiritual, social, psychological, and scientific. It argues that religion, particularly Islam, fulfills fundamental human needs for meaning, purpose, emotional stability, moral guidance, and spiritual contentment. The research concludes that while Muslims may have shortcomings in practice, the reality of Islam as a divine and complete system remains unchanged, and its relevance for humanity is timeless and universal. The paper emphasizes that the decline of Muslims is not due to any deficiency in Islam but rather due to the departure of Muslims from authentic Islamic teachings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. (r) Dr. Muhammad Idrees Lodhi, Shahida Kanwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
آیاتِ میراث میں عدل و مساوات کے اصول: ایک تجزیاتی و انطباقی مطالعہ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array The research paper “An Applied Study of Justice and Equality in the Verses of the Inheritance”, explores the dimensions of justice and equality in the Qur’ānic verses of inheritance, particularly those found in Sūrat al-Nisāʾ. Through an analytical examination of relevant Qur’ānic texts and Prophetic traditions, it demonstrates that the Islamic law of inheritance is founded upon principles of fairness, rights protection, and social welfare. The research highlights how the Qur’ān establishes a balanced system by assigning fixed shares to heirs, safeguarding the rights of women and vulnerable family members, preventing economic exploitation, and promoting family cohesion. It further argues that differences in inheritance shares are based on responsibilities and legal obligations rather than discrimination, reflecting a broader concept of distributive justice. The study concludes that the Qur’ānic inheritance framework serves as a comprehensive model for achieving legal, economic, and social justice while fulfilling the higher objectives of Sharīʿah.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Abdul Aleem, Dr. Naseem Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ملتان کی روحانی تہذیب کی تشکیل میں شیخ بہاءالدین زکریا کے سلسلہ سہروردیہ اور مخدوم عبدالرشید حقانی کے سلسلہ قادریہ کاکردار: خانقاہ غوثیہ اور خانقاہ مخدوم کا تحقیقی تقابل
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array Multan has historically remained one of the most significant centers of Islamic spirituality, Sufism, and intellectual culture in South Asia. Renowned as the “City of Saints,” the region developed a distinctive spiritual and cultural identity under the influence of various Sufi orders whose khanqahi institutions played a vital role in religious instruction, moral refinement, social reform, and spiritual training. Among these orders, the Suhrawardi and Qadiri silsilahs occupy a central position in shaping the spiritual ethos of Multan through their enduring scholarly and mystical contributions. This research article examines the role of Shaykh Bahauddin Zakariya and the Suhrawardi order in the formation of Multan’s spiritual civilization, alongside the contributions of Makhdoom Abdul Rasheed Haqqani and the Qadiri order in the promotion of spiritual consciousness and moral reconstruction. The study comparatively analyzes the institutional structures, spiritual methodologies, educational patterns, and socio-religious services of Khanqah Makhdoom and Khanqah Ghausia, highlighting their influence on the religious and cultural fabric of the region. Employing a historical and analytical research methodology, this study explores how both khanqahi systems contributed to the dissemination of spiritual sciences, ethical values, and Islamic teachings while simultaneously addressing the social and intellectual needs of society. The article further investigates the similarities and distinctions between the Suhrawardi and Qadiri traditions in terms of spiritual discipline, modes of guidance, institutional organization, and public engagement. The research concludes that the khanqahi traditions of the Suhrawardi and Qadiri orders were not merely spiritual centers but comprehensive institutions of intellectual, ethical, and cultural transformation. Their contributions significantly shaped the spiritual identity of Multan and established a lasting legacy of Sufi scholarship, tolerance, and social harmony in the region. Consequently, the comparative study of Khanqah Makhdoom and Khanqah Ghausia provides a deeper understanding of the role of Sufi institutions in the construction of South Asian Muslim spiritual civilization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Muhammad Shah, Dr. Muhammad Akram Rana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Impact of the US–Iran Conflict: A Study of Political Perceptions and Global Awareness among Pakistani Muslim University Students
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array The geopolitical conflict between the United States and Iran has expanded beyond the traditional theatre of international relations, spilling into educational and cultural spaces that shape youth consciousness. This paper examines how ongoing tensions and war narratives influence the political perceptions and geographical imaginations of Pakistani and Muslim university students across diverse contexts. Grounded in multidisciplinary perspectives from education, cultural geography, and political sociology, the study explores how exposure to digital media, conflict discourse, and transnational events informs students’ critical consciousness, identity formation, and global outlook. Analysing media reports, student statements, and secondary research, the paper identifies three overlapping transformations: intensifying political polarisation, redefinition of global spatial awareness, and emergence of digitally mediated intercultural engagement. This phenomenon reflects how higher education has become a crucial site where young adults negotiate global citizenship, empathy, and political responsibility in an era of mediated war. The findings highlight the pedagogical imperative to nurture critical thinking and intercultural literacy in response to the emotional and ideological complexities of global conflict.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sharmeen Ehtasham (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
حضرت مخدوم عبدالرشید حقانیؒ: حیات، افکار اور علمی و دینی خدمات کا تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This article presents a critical and analytical study of the life and contributions of Hazrat Makhdoom Abdul Rasheed Haqqani, a distinguished Sufi scholar regarded among the early exponents of the Qadiriyya order in the Indo-Pak subcontinent. Emerging from a renowned lineage with deep-rooted spiritual and socio-political influence, he maintained close familial and intellectual associations with leading Sufi figures of his time, including Bahauddin Zakariya Multani. His spiritual genealogy traces directly to Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani, while his scholarly and mystical engagements connected him with eminent contemporaries such as Baba Farid and Syed Jalaluddin Bukhari. Makhdoom Abdul Rasheed Haqqani played a pivotal role in the institutionalization and dissemination of the Qadiri Sufi tradition in Multan and its surrounding regions. His contributions encompass religious, spiritual, socio-economic, and socio-political domains, reflecting a comprehensive model of Sufi engagement with society. Widely acknowledged by his contemporaries as a figure of exceptional spiritual rank, his intellectual and spiritual legacy remains insufficiently explored in modern scholarship.This study seeks to address this gap by offering a systematic and research-based analysis of his life, teachings, and services, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of Sufi traditions in South Asia and reaffirming his significant yet underrepresented place in the historical and spiritual landscape.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Muhammad Shah, Prof. Dr. Abdul Quddus Suhaib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Islamic Architectural Development in Mughal India: A Critical Study
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array The architectural legacy of Mughal India represents one of the most stylish and well-integrated fusions in the history of Islamic architecture. It symbolizes a remarkable fusion of Islamic, Persian, Central Asian, and indigenous Indian traditions, producing a characteristic and evolving architectural identity. This study critically investigates the progression of Islamic architecture during the Mughal era (1526–1857), focusing not only on its visual and structural qualities but also on its broader cultural, intellectual, and political significance. The article explores the gradual evolution of architectural styles, beginning with the formative and experimental phase under Babur and Humayun, advancing towards the period of consolidation and innovation under Akbar, and reaching its peak of refinement and elegance during the reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan. It further considers the shift towards simplicity and reduced patronage under Aurangzeb. Particular attention is given to major architectural advancements, including the emphasis on symmetry, large-scale construction, double-domed structures, charbagh garden planning, and refined decorative techniques such as pietra dura inlay and calligraphic ornamentation. (Chughtai, 1980s) The study underscores that Mughal architecture was not limited to aesthetic or functional purposes it served as a significant medium for expressing imperial authority and ideological vision. The Mughal rulers consciously utilized architecture to assert political dominance, articulate religious identity, and facilitate cultural cohesion within a diverse and multi-ethnic empire. Monumental constructions such as mosques, mausoleums, forts, and urban complexes were designed to symbolize both spiritual ideals and imperial magnificence. By examining architectural developments from Babur to Aurangzeb, the article reveals a continuous process of adaptation, continuity, and transformation, wherein earlier traditions were not discarded but reinterpreted in response to shifting socio-political and economic conditions. This demonstrates that Mughal architecture was a dynamic and responsive tradition rather than a fixed or static form. In conclusion, this study argues that Islamic architectural development in Mughal India should be understood as an ongoing process of cultural interaction, adaptation, and synthesis, through which diverse artistic and intellectual influences were harmonized into a coherent yet pluralistic architectural tradition. This enduring legacy continues to influence the architectural landscape of South Asia and provides valuable insights into the complex historical and cultural fabric of the Mughal Empire.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asqa Nain, Dr. Sohail Akhtar, Kinza Naveed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
غزوۂ خندق کی عسکری حکمتِ عملی اور جدید اسٹریٹیجک فکر: سیرتِ نبوی ﷺ کی روشنی میں ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array The Battle of the Trench (Ghazwa al-Khandaq) represents a pivotal moment in Islamic military history, reflecting not only the resilience of the early Muslim community but also the remarkable strategic vision of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Faced with a formidable coalition of enemies and severe resource limitations, the Prophet ﷺ employed a comprehensive defensive strategy that emphasized tactical innovation, coalition management, psychological resilience, and efficient resource utilization. This paper critically examines these strategic elements within the broader framework of modern military doctrines, highlighting how the Prophet’s ﷺ approach aligns with contemporary concepts such as pre-emptive planning, strategic deterrence, and adaptive warfare. Through this analysis, the study explores the relevance of Prophetic leadership and military insight in addressing present-day security challenges confronting the Muslim world. By drawing parallels between the Seerah and modern strategic thinking, this research seeks to demonstrate that the defensive planning and execution during the Battle of the Trench offer not only historical significance but also practical guidance for contemporary Muslim societies striving for security, stability, and self-reliance in an increasingly complex geopolitical landscape.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Irfan Jafar, Shaista Zaib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
سیرتِ نبوی ﷺ اور خلافتِ راشدہ میں غیر مسلم اقلیتوں کے حقوق: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This chapter discusses the rights of non-Muslim minorities in the light of the Seerah of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the Rashidun Caliphate. It explains that Islam established a system based on justice, tolerance, and equality, in which non-Muslims were granted protection of life, property, religion, and social dignity. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) allowed non-Muslims to practice their religion freely and protected their places of worship and personal laws. He also showed kindness and respect toward them through good social relations and fair treatment. The Qur’anic principle, “There is no compulsion in religion,” remained the basis of this policy. The Rightly Guided Caliphs continued the same approach. Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA), Hazrat Umar (RA), Hazrat Uthman (RA), and Hazrat Ali (RA) ensured justice and security for non-Muslim citizens. Their religious freedom was protected, unfair taxes were not imposed upon them, and poor and weak non-Muslims were supported through Bayt al-Mal. The chapter concludes that the Seerah and the Rashidun Caliphate provide a practical model of peaceful coexistence, justice, and protection of minority rights in an Islamic state.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hafiz Muhammad Abid, Dr. Syed Muhammad Haroon Agha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Jampur as a Center of Religious, Historical, and Archaeological Heritage: A Critical and Analytical Appraisal
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This study offers a comprehensive and critical examination of the historical and archeological importance of the town Jampur, a region of considerable significance located in southern Punjab, Pakistan. It seeks to analyze the area’s geographical relevance, socio-political transformations, and economic evolution from its early historical foundations to the contemporary period. By situating Jampur within broader regional and historical contexts, the study highlights how its strategic location and resource base have contributed to its enduring importance. A central focus of this research is the role of indigenous leadership, particularly influential local figures such as Dajal and Dilu Ray Thehar, whose authority and actions played a crucial role in shaping the region’s political structures and patterns of governance. Their contributions are examined not merely as isolated historical accounts but as part of a wider process through which localized power systems emerged, evolved, and interacted with external forces (UNDP, 2020). Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative and interpretative framework, drawing upon a diverse range of sources including historical narratives, oral traditions, and regional historiographical accounts. This approach allows for a nuanced understanding of Jampur’s past, especially in the absence of extensive written documentation. The analysis argues that the historical trajectory of Jampur cannot be fully understood without acknowledging the interplay between local leadership dynamics and larger imperial and colonial influences. While external powers such as the Mughal Empire and British colonial administration introduced structural and administrative changes, it was the persistence of localized authority patterns that significantly shaped the region’s long-term socio-political and economic development (Chowdhury, 2016-17).
Copyright (c) 2026 Kinza Naveed, Dr. Sohail Akhtar, Asqa Nain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
اسلامی تعلیمات اور سامی مذاہب میں انسانی حقوق کا تصور: ایک تقابلی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This study examines the concept of human rights through a comparative analysis of Islamic teachings and other Semitic religious perspectives. Human rights, as a universal moral and social framework, have deep roots in religious traditions that shape ethical norms, social justice, and human dignity. The research explores foundational texts, theological principles, and moral frameworks within Islam and other Semitic religions to identify convergences and divergences in their understanding of fundamental rights. Special attention is given to themes such as human dignity, equality, justice, freedom, and social responsibility. By employing a qualitative and comparative methodology, the study highlights how religious teachings contribute to the formation of rights-based values and societal obligations. The findings suggest that while interpretive differences exist, these traditions share a common emphasis on the sanctity of human life and moral accountability. This comparative inquiry aims to foster interfaith understanding and demonstrate the continuing relevance of religious perspectives in contemporary human rights discourse. Ultimately, the study argues that integrating religious insights can enrich modern discussions on human rights and promote a more inclusive ethical framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Muhammad Pervaiz, Prof. Dr Muhammad Mumtaz Ul Hassan, Muhammad Muneeb Shoukat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
الدَّوَائِرُ العَرُوضِيَّةُ وأَثَرُهَا فِي بِنَاءِ النِّظَامِ الإِيقَاعِيِّ لِلشِّعْرِ العَرَبِيِّ: دَائِرَةُ المُجْتَلَبِ أُنْمُوذَجًا
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This study examines the concept of prosodic circles (al-dawāʾir al-ʿarūḍiyyah) in Arabic prosody, with a particular focus on the Mujtalab Circle, which includes the poetic meters of al-Hazaj, al-Rajaz, and al-Ramal. The research aims to clarify the theoretical foundations of prosodic circles as developed by Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, who introduced a systematic and innovative method for classifying Arabic poetic meters based on patterns of syllabic structure, including causes (asbāb) and pegs (awtād). The study highlights how these circles function as a structural framework that reveals the interrelationship between different poetic meters. Special attention is given to the Hazaj meter as the original form within the Mujtalab Circle, analyzing its rhythmic structure, patterns, and poetic usage. Furthermore, the research explores the prosodic variations, including zihāfāt (metrical modifications) and ʿilal (metrical defects), and their influence on the rhythmic flow of poetry. The methodology adopted in this study is descriptive and analytical, relying on the examination of classical examples to demonstrate theoretical concepts.The findings indicate that prosodic circles provide a coherent and systematic approach to understanding Arabic poetic rhythm. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of integrating theoretical and applied approaches in teaching Arabic prosody. It concludes that the Mujtalab Circle plays a significant role in illustrating the flexibility and richness of Arabic poetic meters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hafiza Azka Afzal , Qamar UN nisa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
سُليك بن السُّلَكة الشاعر الصعلوك: حياته وتجربته الشعرية في ضوء الواقع الاجتماعي الجاهلي
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This research examines the life and poetry of Sulayk ibn al-Salaka, one of the most prominent (ṣaʿālīk) poets of the pre-Islamic period. It aims to shed light on the social and personal circumstances that led him to adopt the life of a ṣuʿlūk, particularly poverty, and racial discrimination. The study explores how these harsh conditions profoundly influenced his poetic experience and shaped the thematic and stylistic features of his poetry. Special attention is given to major themes such as hunger, poverty, endurance, self-reliance, and pride in personal dignity, as well as to the realistic and direct language that characterizes his verse. Furthermore, the study highlights Sulayk ibn al-Salaka’s literary position among the ṣaʿālīk poets, demonstrating how his poetry serves as an important social document that reflects the realities of marginalized groups in pre-Islamic Arabian society. Through this analysis, the study explores the human and artistic value of Sulayk’s poetic legacy within the broader framework of early Arabic literature.
Copyright (c) 2018 Arshad Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Scientific Atheism and the Problem of Divine Authority: A Historical–Philosophical Study of Theological Perspectives
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This study explores the intellectual conflict between scientific atheism and the concept of divine authority with description of Quranic theology. The aim of this article is to study the philosophical foundations of modern atheistic thought and to evaluate its claims in the light of the Quranic understanding of divine authority. The research adopts a historical-philosophical and analytical method, focusing on the development of scientific rationalism and the Quranic presentation of divine authority as an ultimate source of knowledge. The study argues that scientific atheism is primarily based on empirical methodology, which is limited in addressing metaphysical and existential questions, whereas the Quran establishes a comprehensive epistemological framework that integrates meaning, purpose and hope in human life. It is concluded that the tension between scientific atheism and Quranic theology emerges not merely from scientific discoveries but from the overlapping of their respective domains.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahzad Shafique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Eco-Sunnah and the Contemporary Ecological Crisis: An Analytical Study in the Light of the Prophetic Seerah ﷺ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array The contemporary world is facing a multi-dimensional ecological crisis, manifested through catastrophic floods, industrial waste, noise pollution, and the loss of biodiversity. This research investigates the 'Eco-Sunnah' framework—environmental ethics derived from the Prophetic Seerah—as a sustainable solution to these modern challenges. The primary research problem addresses the moral and spiritual void in current environmental policies, which often fail to curb industrial excesses and resource mismanagement. The purpose of this study is to analyze how Prophetic teachings on cleanliness (Taharah), water conservation, and the ethical treatment of animals can be systematically adapted into a modern environmental governance model. Employing a descriptive and analytical methodology, the study draws upon the Qur’an and authentic Hadith to identify core principles such as stewardship (Khilafah), balance (Mizan), and the sanctity of all life. Findings indicate that the Prophetic models of Hima (protected zones) and Harim (buffer zones) provide practical strategies for flood management and urban planning. Furthermore, the study highlights that integrating the Sunnah of moderation (Iqtisad) is essential for mitigating industrial and noise pollution, which the Qur’an describes as Fasad (corruption on earth). The research contributes to the field by bridging the gap between spiritual ethics and technical implementation, offering a holistic 'Eco-Sunnah' framework for global sustainability. It concludes that the adoption of these Prophetic principles is vital for fostering individual responsibility and institutional resilience in the face of rapid environmental change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bilqees Faiz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
اسلام کے ابتدائی عہد میں خواتین کی معاشی شرکت: سیرتِ نبوی ﷺ اور عہدِ صحابہؓ کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array The economic involvement of women in early Islam is discussed in this research paper by referring to the practical examples of the life of Rasulullah ﷺ and the supportive role of the Sahaba (RA). It also emphasises the fact that Islam gave women the right to own property, conduct businesses and trade in a dignified and Shariah compliant way. The paper examines the important individuals like Sayyidah Khadijah (RA) who was a successful businesswoman and other Sahabiyat (RA) who were involved in trade, education, agriculture, and healthcare. Particular attention has been given to the way the Prophet ﷺ motivated them to contribute and at the same time remained modest, family-responsible and morally modest. The contribution of Sahaba (RA), including Abu Bakr (RA), Umar (RA), and Abdur Rahman bin Auf (RA), to the economic activity of women is also discussed. Through the comparison of these practices with the current Muslim communities, this paper will demonstrate how the prophetic guidance is a balanced system that allows women to work, earn, and play a role in society without jeopardizing Islamic values. This paper concludes that women economic empowerment in the Muslim faith is not a new phenomenon but a tradition of prophetical backing of the Sahaba (RA).
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Khair Muhammad Asif Memon, Dr. Jahanzeb Rana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
الألفيّة للعراقي في غريب ألفاظ القرآن الكريم: دراسة تحليلية نقدية
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array “Alfiyya fi Ghareeb Alfaz il Quran” is the great contribution of Zain-ud-Din al-Iraqi (725H-806H), a distinguished scholar who had mastery in Ilam- Ut-Tafseer, as well as in Hadith, Al Seerah al Nabawiyyah and Islamic Jurisprudence of his era. The present article entitled as “Alfiyya Al-Iraqi fi Ghareeb Alfaz il Quran”: An Analytical study” deals with the “Alfiyya fi Ghareeb Alfaz il Quran”. It comprises of three parts: the first one is a short preface, the second is his analytical work which has two parts: the first one is on methodology of Alfiyya, the second is a stylistic study and the third is the results & findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad Khan, Dr. Sobia Kanwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
قرآنِ مجید میں علمِ نباتات: اساسی تصورات، سائنسی اطلاقات اور اسلوبِ اشارات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array The Holy Quran is not just a religious book but an eternal manifesto inviting contemplation and reflection on the universe. It repeatedly mentions plants, which have been seen in a purely symbolic or historical context. The main objective of this research paper is to analyses the botanical phenomena mentioned in the Holy Quran in the light of modern science, especially botany, agriculture and ecology. The initial part is concerned with lexical discussions and basic concepts, in which the mention of plants in the Quran is examined in the context of the historical and scientific definition of botany. Then, a detailed scientific examination of specific fruits (grapes, olives, dates, pomegranates, figs), grains and vegetables mentioned in the Quran is undertaken, where in the light of modern research, their nutritional and medical benefits are found to be consistent with the indications of the Quran. In the third chapter, the principles of the hydrological cycle, agroforestry and ecological balance hidden in the Quranic statements are examined. Research proves that the Quran’s descriptions of plant reproduction (in pairs), the stages of fruit ripening, the revival of barren land through rain, and the diversity of Flavors of fruits despite the same amount of water are fully consistent with modern scientific discoveries. This allegorical style of the Quran is beyond human knowledge of the seventh century AD and is proof that it is the word of the Creator of the universe.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Abrar Awan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Exploring the strategies for positive reinforcement and negative Reinforcement in ESL Classrooms: A Case Study of English Language Teachers in Public School Mirpurkhas, Pakistan
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array Study has been conducted to explore the strategies of reinforcement which are used by the English language teachers in public school Mirpurkhas. Broadly, there are two types of reinforcement in behaviorism theory, and distinct teachers use multiple strategies for positive and negative reinforcement. This is a qualitative case study. Specifically, it is an exploratory case study, as it reveals the strategies for reinforcement in a specific context. Purposive sampling was used for the selection of participants; as only English language teachers were chosen, who had experience of at least two years, teaching. Furthermore, data were collected through two tools. One is a semi-structured interview protocol and second is an observation sheet for the triangulation of the data. Then the data were analyzed by using thematic analysis model of Braun and Clark 2006. Results of the study show that teachers use positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement in different ways. Conclusively, findings demonstrate diverse strategies for positive and negative reinforcement. Broadly those are verbal, non-verbal physical gifts and punishment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muqadas Soomro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Qur’anic Ethics for Peacebuilding: An Islamic Counter-Narrative to Religious Extremism in Pakistan
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array The expansion of religious extremism in Pakistan entails an intricate reaction of sectarian polarization, religious politicization, geopolitical conflict, educational fragmentation, and the selective misuse of Islamic texts. Since extremist actors often use the Qur’an to identify the reasons to commit violence, exclusion, and takfīr, such positive actions should not avoid interacting with Islamic sources but act to address them. This paper claims that the Qur’an does include a consistent peacebuilding ethic that can be used as an Islamic counter-virality to religious extremism in Pakistan. The article presents justice, reconciliation, mercy, forgiveness, restraint, consultation, and human dignity as the principal Qur’anic principles applicable to counter-extremist efforts through a qualitative design that relies on textual analysis of the major themes of the Qur’an, discourse analysis of the lecture and writing of Pakistani Islamic scholars, and their public discourse. It also reveals that mainstream Pakistani scholars of various orientations generally oppose terrorism, have a negative stance on the unjustifiable violence, and advocate contextualized understandings of jihad and anti-takfīr discourse. The article concludes that Qur’anic ethics can reinforce the counter-extremism agenda in Pakistan when strategized in education, discourse in mosques, communal peace building, and mass policy. By bridging Islamic scripture, religious authority, and the modern needs of peace building, this study adds to the literature on religion and violence, Islamic ethics, and culturally based counter-extremism.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Jamil Akhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
حياةُ الشيخِ إبراهيمَ الدسوقي: دراسةٌ شاملةٌ لسيرتهِ وتعاليمهِ وإرثهِ الروحي
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This study explores the life of Sheikh Ibrahim al-Desouqi – may Allah have mercy on him – highlighting his significant contributions to Islamic knowledge and scholarship. The research examines his early life, education, and scholarly journey, emphasizing his role in spreading religious and intellectual knowledge. It also reflects on his personal qualities, virtues, and influence on students and the broader Muslim community, presenting him as one of the great scholars of his era. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Sheikh al-Desouqi’s life, his intellectual legacy, and the spiritual and ethical values he imparted to future generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aysha Yaqoob , Doctor Naseern Akhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
منهج الترجمة التفسيرية في"أنوار الفرقان في ترجمة معاني القرآن" لعبد الحكيم شرف القادري: دراسة تحليلية
Section: Research Articles Keywords: Array This study examines the literary and artistic aspects reflected in Anwar al-Furqan, a translation of the meanings of the Holy Qur'an by Abdul Hakeem Sharaf Qadri, a distinguished Pakistani scholar and bilingual poet who made significant contributions to Islamic scholarship and research methodology. He is recognized among those intellectual figures who helped shape modern Islamic studies through their writings and translations in both Urdu and Arabic.The research analyzes the translator’s effort to convey the aesthetic, rhetorical, and stylistic qualities of the Qur'anic text while presenting its meanings in a clear and accessible language for readers. The Holy Qur'an, revealed to the Messenger of Allah Muhammad (peace be upon him), possesses a unique linguistic and rhetorical miracle that cannot be fully reproduced in any translation. Nevertheless, translators attempt to transmit its meanings while preserving, as far as possible, the beauty and eloquence of the original discourse This paper highlights the literary elegance, artistic imagery, and expressive clarity present in Anwar al-Furqan. It further examines the translator’s methodology, linguistic choices, and stylistic approach. Through selected examples, the study demonstrates how the translation strives to maintain semantic accuracy while reflecting the rhetorical richness and spiritual depth of the Qur'anic message. Keywords: Qur'anic translation, literary analysis, rhetoric of the
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad Khan, Dr. Mumtaz Ahmad Sadidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/