امیت رسولﷺ اور مستشرقین:منٹگمری واٹ اور رابرٹ اسپنسر کے افکار کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Orientalists on Prophet Muhammad’s Illiteracy: A Study of Montgomery Watt and Robert Spencer’s views
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53762/alqamar.04.03.u15Keywords:
Watt, Spencer, Muhammad, Orientalists, "Ummī"Abstract
Holy Qur'an has been a topic of interest to many circles, including the Muslim and Western scholars. Many of the themes promoted by the Orientalists are generally related to the authenticity of the Qur'an. William Montgomery Watt and Robert Spencer are included in the circle of those western writers who have written down the commentary of the Quran with specific purpose. While interpreting the verses, they have mistranslated the term “Ummī” and have offered different views on the meaning of "Ummī" which is used in the Qur’an as an attribute of the Prophet (PBUH). This word shows the miraculous signs of the heavenly Book descended upon the Prophet and the rightfulness of his mission but the aim of both the scholars is to prove false the claim of the miraculous style of the Qur’an. In this paper, an effort has been made to examine the arguments of both western scholar and deduce the actual position in this matter. In this research written with a descriptive and analytical approach, it is proved that according to Quran, sciences of Tafsir, Hadith literature, history and logic, Prophet Muhammad was illiterate since his birth until his death and did not know how to read or write.
References
ʻAbdul Wahāb jān al āzharī , Umiyate Rasool awr Mustashraqeen, Al Baseraa 1,no.2(2012):34.
Edward Williium, Arabic English Dictionary) London, 1863-1893(.
J.W.H. Stober, Non Christian Religion: Islam and its founder, (London:Hansebooks, 2019),53.
Aloys Sprenger, The Life of Mohammad, from Original Sources,(Oxford: Presbyterian Mission Press, 1851),10.
Dr. William Montgomery Watt is a famous Scottish Orientalist and Islamic Scholar. He was born in 1909. He got his higher education from Edinburgh and Oxford Universities. The last Orientalist died in 2006. He wrote many books and articles on Islam, Quran and life of the Prophet Muhammad. He also wrote a commentary of the Quran “Companion to the Quran” along with his other books on the Quran.
Robert Spencer is an American anti-Islamic writer. He was born in 1962 and has a background in Catholic Christianity. He got his Master Degree from University of Chapal Hill. He is a Director of the website Jihad Watch. He has published more than twenty books on Islam, Quran and other themes. His two books have been the New York Times best seller books. He also wrote a Quran commentary, “Blogging the Quran”. His has planned to publish his new Quran commentary, “The Critical Quran: The key Islamic commentary and Contemporary Historical Research” in November 2021
William Montgomery Watt, Companion to the Quran: Based on The Arberry Translation (London: George Allon & Unwin Ltd., 1969), 192.
Watt, Companion, 92.
Watt, William Montgomery Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and statesman (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), 40.
Robert Spencer, Blogging the Quran, 121, accessed November 4, 2013. http://www.jihadwatch.org. 116.
Spencer, Blogging, 157.
Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq,Sīrat Rasūl Allāh (New Delhli: Mili Pblications, 2009), 94
Dr.Muḥammad Shamīm Ākhter Qāsmī , Sirat Nabvi par Ehtrazat ka Jayza (Lahore: Malik and Company,n.d),132.
William Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1988), 46.
Āḥmad Muṣtafa Al-Marāghī, Tafseer Almraagi (Cairo: Maktaba Alriaz, 1361H),18:59.
Muḥammad Rashīd Rażā Miṣrī,Tafseer Almanār (Beruit: Dar Ahyaa Alturaas, 1424H),1:194-195.
al-‘ankabūt 29:48.
Ābū ʻAbdullah Muḥammad bin Ismaʻīl Bukhārī, Al Jameh Al Sahih (Beruit: Dar Alkalam,1981),2:307.
Imam Ābū Da’uwd Sulemān bin Ashʻth,Alsunan (Multan: Maktaba Imdadia, 1361H),338.
Ibn ManzōrAfrīqī, Lisan Al -Arrb (Beruit: Dar Beruit, 1413H),12:34.
Muḥammad bin ʻAlī Shōḳānī, Fath ul Qadeer al-Jame' Bynai al-Riwaya wal Diraya fi Ilm-al-Tafseer ( Beruit: Dar Alfikar, 1403H),12:34.
Muḥammad bin Jarīr Ṭabrī , Jameh Albayann en Taveel Alquran (Beruit: Dar Alfikar, 1415h),1:374.
Al-Ṭabrī , Jameh Albayann ,1:373.
Abī ʻAbdullah Al-Qarṭabī , Aljameh le ahkamul Quran (Beruit: Musa Al Resaalat, 2006),3:352.
Abu Al qasim Mehmood Bin Umar Zamakhshari, Tafseer e Alkashaaf (Egypt: Matbah Mustafa Albabi Alhalbi, 1973),4:517.
اAbū Al-ʻAalaMoūdūdī , Tafheem Alquran (Lahore: Tarjaman Alquran, 2008),85
Ḥāfiz Ibn ḲathirDamishqī,Albadayiā w Alnehā (Qaira: Darul reyaan Lituraas, 1988), 116-120.
ImāmJalāl al Dīn Al-Maḥallī,Tafseer Jalalain (Beruit: Dar AlKhair,n.d), 553.
Shaikh Al Islam Ibn Taimīya,Al-Jawāb al-Ṣaḥīḥ li-man baddala dīn al-Masīh, (Beruit: Dar Al Asma, 1999), 4:31.
Ibn Taimīya,Al-Jawāb al-Ṣaḥīḥ ,4:24.
Ibn Taimīya,Al-Jawāb al-Ṣaḥīḥ ,4:24.
Carlyle, Hero, trans.,Muhammad Asabai, Al ibtaal (Cairo: Aldaar Alqomi, n.d), 5.
Al-A'raf 7:157.
Al-A'raf 7:158.
Al-Jumu'ah62:2.
āl ʿimrān 3:20۔
’al-baqarah2:78
al-‘ankabūt 29:48
ٰIbn Manzūr, Lisān al-̒Arab, 12: 34.
Watt, Muhammad: Prophet, 37.
Alireza Kavand, Recognition of the Theory of the Prophet of Islam as an Ummi Person and Its Historical Analysis, with a Critical Approach to Orientalists. International Journal of Multicultural and Multi religious Understanding (IJMMU) 6, no. 5, (2019):448.
Al-Moūdūdī , Tafheem Alquran,3:711.
Dr.Ḥāfiz Muḥammad Zubaīr, Islam awr Mustashrqeen (Lahore: Maktaba Rehmat Lilalmeen, 2014),41.
Professor ʻAbdul Qayōōm, “Ummi Nabi ka Mafhoom” Naqōōsh Rasōōl Number, no.130 (1983), 4:709.
Al-Tobah 9:128
Jalāl al dīnSayōṭī , Aldar Almanshoor (Beruit: Dar Alfikar, n.d), 16:241.
ṢabāḥatĀfżal, Mutalah Sirat main Maadi Tahbirat---Tanqeedi w Tajzitati Mutaleh (Lahore: Theses Doctorate, Punjab University Lahore, 2021),197.
Kavand, Recognition of the Theory, 437.
Karen Armstrong, A Biography of the Prophet.(San Francisco: Harper1992.),113
Richard Blachère, Introduction au Coran. Tran.M. Ramyar (Tehran: Islamic Publishing and Culture Office, 1376 HS),21.
Blachère, Introduction, 21.
Henri de Castri, Al-Islam Khawatir wa Sawanih, Tran. Ahmad Fathi Zughul Basha (Cairo: Al-Majlis al-'A'la li-Thaqafah, 2005), 50.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2021 Al-Qamar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
